How do sites protect themselves?

Hello everybody!
After studying the questions of interest to me about carding, new questions have appeared.
- How sites protect themselves from carders?
* What programs do sites use to protect themselves and how do they work?
* What data does the site collect about us and how to change it?
* How can a site understand that a person is the real owner of the card?
* How can a site understand that a person is a carder?
* Does email lifespan affect carding success?

Any topics that can help me on these issues, please send me.
Thank you all and have a nice day!